Level 2 Fixed Income goes far beyond duration and yield to maturity. Spread measures, MBS valuation, liability-driven investing, and active yield curve strategies are the four areas where most marks are won or lost. This guide covers all four in depth.
Alternative Investments covers private equity, real estate, hedge funds, commodities, and infrastructure across Levels 1 and 2. Most candidates underinvest here. This guide covers everything you need to earn full marks in the category.
The MPS is one of the most misunderstood aspects of the CFA exam. Understanding how it works — and what it means for how you allocate your study effort — can change your strategy significantly.
The number of mock exams you take matters less than how you use them. Here is the optimal approach to mock exam timing and review.
The CFA Level 1 pass rate has hovered around 35–44% in recent years. Here is what that number actually means for your preparation strategy.
The CFA Level 1 pass rate is around 35%. Here is the systematic study approach that actually works — based on what separates candidates who pass from those who don't.
With a ~35% pass rate at Level 1, failure is the norm. Understanding why candidates fail is the first step to making sure you are not one of them.
You've submitted your exam. Now what? This guide covers the CFA score release timeline, how to read your results, what the topic band scores mean, and exactly what to do whether you passed or failed.
Economics is 8% of CFA Level 1 — enough to matter but not enough to justify equal time with Ethics or FRA. This is the focused breakdown of what you need to know versus what you can safely deprioritise.