Level 2 Fixed Income goes far beyond duration and yield to maturity. Spread measures, MBS valuation, liability-driven investing, and active yield curve strategies are the four areas where most marks are won or lost. This guide covers all four in depth.
Alternative Investments covers private equity, real estate, hedge funds, commodities, and infrastructure across Levels 1 and 2. Most candidates underinvest here. This guide covers everything you need to earn full marks in the category.
The MPS is one of the most misunderstood aspects of the CFA exam. Understanding how it works — and what it means for how you allocate your study effort — can change your strategy significantly.
GIPS is tested at every CFA level but avoided by most candidates. This plain-English breakdown covers the core requirements, the most tested concepts, and how to approach GIPS questions without getting lost in the details.
The number of mock exams you take matters less than how you use them. Here is the optimal approach to mock exam timing and review.
Quant is 8% of CFA Level 1. Here is a focused breakdown of the formulas and concepts that actually appear on the exam — and what you can safely deprioritise.
The CFA Level 1 pass rate has hovered around 35–44% in recent years. Here is what that number actually means for your preparation strategy.
Portfolio Management is 12% of CFA Level 1 — the second largest topic weight. Here is a focused breakdown of what you need to master.
The CFA Level 1 pass rate is around 35%. Here is the systematic study approach that actually works — based on what separates candidates who pass from those who don't.